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Principal Global Investors LLC, dba Principal Asset Management (Principal AM), is a SEC-registered investment advisor headquartered in Des Moines, Iowa. The firm was founded in 1998 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Principal Global Investors Holding Co. (US) LLC and their ultimate parent is Principal Financial Group, Inc. (NASDAQ: PFG). Principal AM provides investment advisory services to institutional investors and individuals on a discretionary or non-discretionary basis.

PGIM Quantitative Solutions LLC is a SEC-registered investment advisor headquartered in Newark, New Jersey. The firm was founded in 1975 and formerly known as Quantitative Management Associates LLC and QMA LLC. They are a subsidiary of PGIM, Inc., ultimately owned by Prudential Financial, Inc. (NYSE: PRU). PGIM Quantitative Solutions acts as an investment manager primarily for various private funds as well as to pooled vehicles (as sub-adviser) on affiliated platforms and provides advisory services to separately managed accounts.

The Vanguard Group, Inc. (VGI) is an independent registered investment advisor and mutual fund manager headquartered in Malvern, Pennsylvania. The firm was founded in 1975 by John Bogle. In 1976, they introduced the first indexed mutual fund, the First Index Investment Trust (now known as the Vanguard 500 Index Fund), to individual investors. VGI provides investment advisory services to Vanguard family of funds and Vanguard's non-US clients, which are comprised of the following: (1) funds established as trusts under the laws of the Province of Ontario in Canada and (2) separate account clients of Vanguard's international subsidiaries.